The social costs of crime in Mexico city and suburban areas

In this paper we measure social costs of crime, following two approaches. First, estimate costs of homicides, at the National level in 1997, under different assumptions about lost wages. When assuming profiles differ over the life cycle, the costs amount from .03 to .6 percent of GDP, depending on the discount factor. Second, we take into consideration other types of crime to estimate social costs of crime in Mexico City. We found costs approximate 3.6 percent of the City's GDP, but consider this figure a lower bound. Further data including costs borne by non-victims would be most helpful for further research in this field.

Criterios de financiación y reembolso de los medicamentos huérfanos

Dado su elevado precio, los medicamentos huérfanos no suelen ser coste-efectivos bajo los umbrales estándares de aceptación de la evaluación económica. Sin embargo, la sociedad puede considerar relevante tener en cuenta otros criterios adicionales en su decisión de financiación y reembolso público. Este trabajo pretende identificar los criterios que podrían ser relevantes, y aquéllos que efectivamente imperan en la práctica real de los países desarrollados.RESUMEN 1. INTRODUCCIÓN Y OBJETIVO 2. METODOLOGÍA 3. CRITERIOS DE FINANCIACIÓN DE LOS MEDICAMENTOS HUÉRFANOS DESDE UNA PERSPECTIVA TEÓRICA 4. CRITERIOS DE FINANCIACIÓN DE LOS MEDICAMENTOS HUÉRFANOS EN DISTINTOS PAÍSES DESARROLLADOS 5. DISCUSIÓN 6. CONCLUSIONES REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICA

Effect of educational outreach on general practice prescribing of antibiotics and antidepressants: a two-year randomised controlled trial

Objective. Prescribing of broad spectrum antibiotics and antidepressants in general practice often does not accord with guidelines. The aim was to determine the effectiveness of educational outreach in improving the prescribing of selected antibiotics and antidepressants, and whether the effect is sustained for two years. Design. Single blind randomized trial. Setting. Twenty-eight general practices in Leicestershire, England. Intervention. Educational outreach visits were undertaken, tailored to barriers to change, 14 practices receiving visits for reducing selected antibiotics and 14 for improving antidepressant prescribing. Main outcome measures. Number of items prescribed per 1000 registered patients for amoxicillin with clavulanic acid (co-amoxiclav) and quinolone antibiotics, and average daily quantities per 1000 patients for lofepramine and fluoxetine antidepressants, measured at the practice level for six-month periods over two years. Results. There was no effect on the prescribing of co-amoxiclav, quinolones, or fluoxetine, but prescribing of lofepramine increased in accordance with the guidelines. The increase persisted throughout two years of follow-up. Conclusion. A simple, group-level educational outreach intervention, designed to take account of identified barriers to change, can have a modest but sustained effect on prescribing levels. However, outreach is not always effective. The context in which change in prescribing practice is being sought, the views of prescribers concerning the value of the drug, or other unrecognised barriers to change may influence the effectiveness of outreach

Social economic costs of type 1 diabetes mellitus in pediatric patients in Spain: CHRYSTAL observational study

AIMS: To estimate the social-economic costs of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) in patients aged 0-17 years in Spain from a social perspective. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional observational study in 2014 of 275 T1DM pediatric outpatients distributed across 12 public health centers in Spain. Data on demographic and clinical characteristics, healthcare utilization and informal care were collected from medical records and questionnaires completed by clinicians and patients' caregivers. RESULTS: A valid sample of 249 individuals was analyzed. The average annual cost for a T1DM patient was €27,274. Direct healthcare costs were €4070 and direct non-healthcare cost were €23,204. Informal (familial) care represented 83% of total cost, followed by medical material (8%), outpatient and primary care visits (3.1%) and insulin (2.1%). Direct healthcare cost per patient statistically differed by glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) level [mean cost €4704 in HbA1c ?7.5% (?58mmol/mol) group vs. €3616 in HbA1c<7.5% (<58mmol/mol) group)]; and by the presence or absence of complications and comorbidities (mean cost €5713 in group with complications or comorbidities vs. €3636 in group without complications or comorbidities). CONCLUSIONS: T1DM amongst pediatric patients incurs in considerable societal costs. Informal care represents the largest cost category

The Social Costs of Crime in Mexico City and Suburban Areas

In this paper we measure social costs of crime, following two approaches. First, estimate costs of homicides, at the National level in 1997, under different assumptions about lost wages. When assuming profiles differ over the life cycle, the costs amount from .03 to .6 percent of GDP, depending on the discount factor. Second, we take into consideration other types of crime to estimate social costs of crime in Mexico City. We found costs approximate 3.6 percent of the Citys GDP, but consider this figure a lower bound. Further data including costs borne by non-victims would be most helpful for further research in this field.Realizamos mediciones del costo social del crimen. Primero estimamos el costo de los homicidios a nivel nacional para 1997, bajo distintos supuestos acerca del perfil de salarios, y obtuvimos de .03 a .6 por ciento del PIB, dependiendo del factor de descuento utilizado. Segundo, contemplamos otros tipos de violencia para estimar los costos sociales del crimen en la ciudad de México, los cuales ascendieron a 3.6 por ciento del PIB de la ciudad, el cual consideramos subestima los verdaderos costos. Contar con información sobre no víctimas sería muy valioso para continuar investigando sobre el tema

Estudios de coste de la diabetes tipo 2: una revisión de la literatura

La diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) es una enfermedad crónica, compleja y de alta prevalencia, relacionada con una elevada morbi-mortalidad. Según los estudios empíricos, la DM2 está asociada a importantes costes socioeconómicos. Sin embargo, la disparidad metodológica utilizada dificulta la extrapolación de resultados y conclusiones, lo que puede obstaculizar las decisiones a nivel de gestión. El objetivo de este trabajo es realizar una revisión narrativa de la literatura para identificar y analizar los principales estudios de coste asociados a la DM2, con el fin de comparar sus metodologías y determinar los principales factores que influyen en los costes de la DM2.RESUMEN 1. INTRODUCCIÓN 2. JUSTIFICACIÓN Y OBJETIVO 3. TIPOS DE COSTES ASOCIADOS A LA DIABETES 4. METODOLOGÍA DE LA REVISIÓN 5. RESULTADOS DE LA REVISIÓN 5.1 Aspectos metodológicos de los estudios incluidos . 5.2 Resultados de costes asociados a la diabetes 5.2.1 Tipos de costes incluidos 5.2.1.1 Costes directos sanitarios 5.2.1.2 Costes directos no sanitarios 5.2.1.3 Pérdidas de productividad laboral 5.2.2 Resultados para España 5.2.3 «Exceso de costes» atribuibles a la población con diabetes 5.2.4 Coste de las complicaciones de la diabetes 6. DISCUSIÓN Y CONCLUSIONES REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS ANEX

Unmet Needs in the Management of Moderate-to-Severe Psoriasis in Spain: A Multidimensional Evaluation.

Psoriasis is a chronic, systemic inflammatory disease that affects the skin, with a high impact on patients' quality of life. The aim of this study was to identify and determine the relative importance of unmet needs in the management of moderate-to-severe psoriasis in Spain, from a multi-stakeholder perspective. A mixed method-approach was used to collect information, design a questionnaire and a discrete-choice exercise, and elicit the unmet needs through a multidisciplinary committee composed of 12 experts. A total of 65 unmet needs were identified and categorized into 4 areas: clinical, patient-related, decision-making process, and social. Decision-making process unmet needs were perceived as the most pressing ones, followed by social, clinical and patient-related. Individually, the need to incorporate outcomes that are important to the patients and to have treatments that achieve total clearance with a rapid onset of action and long-term persistence were the most important unmet needs